Unified Field Theory of Gravity
What is gravity, electrostatic force, nuclear force and
magnetism? These have been considered different forces, but this theory
contends that they are all the product of the same force. All of the forces are
due to the electrostatic attraction between electrons and protons. So the same
force that holds your socks together in the dryer is the same force that keeps
your feet on the ground, makes magnets attract and keeps atoms together.
Please note that the following theories are purely conjecure which have not
been experimentally verified and generally contradict current scientific thinking.
These are just a few ideas I have come up with in dealing with this very
important and generally unsolved area of science.
The force that holds atoms together is a basic attraction of
oppositely charged particles. This same force over a larger distance is the
electrostatic force. Whenever an atom has an imbalance of positive/negative
charges, we see the electrostatic force. It has been said that the strong nuclear
force must be much stronger than the electrostatic force to keep the
protons in the tiny nucleus together. I
would propose that the effective size of electrons and protons are not as small as
has been observed and that the electrons are not flying about the protons. The
typical physical model of a compact nucleus with protons and neutrons with a
cloud of tiny electrons flying about is not correct. Rather, electrons and
protons act like hard semi-round balls. Neutrons are actually a combination of
an electron and proton. Neutrons act as to glue together protons, since the
protons can still ‘see’ the electron in the neutron and binds to it.
Experiments have shown that neutrons do exhibit some dipole properties and are
not totally electrically neutral. By having a ‘hard’ physical surface, the
particles maintain a minimum spacing because they are touching and cannot get
any closer. The important point is that the electron and proton are
glued to each other by their mutual attraction and separated by their physical
surfaces. They are like two magnetic balls which are kept apart by the balls
surfaces. There are no high-speed orbiting electrons. The protons and electrons
simply stick to eachother in a cubic matrix of alternating protons and electrons.
I have discovered a cubic atomic model which shows that atoms may actually be
a specific geometric sequence of protons and electrons. Click
here to see a full explanation of this theory
Gravity is caused by a slight imbalance of positive/negative
charges in so called neutrally charged matter. The negative/positive charges in
a neutral atom do not exactly cancel each other out. There is a tiny residual
positive charge. These tiny positive charges added together over the volume of
the earth produce a very large positively charged field at the surface of the
earth. The diverging electrostatic field created by the earth causes dipoles in
neutrally charged matter to be attracted to the source of the field. This is
explained in the web site: http://www.rognerud.com/physics/.
This is the same force that allows you to pick up tiny pieces of paper with a
charged plastic comb. It can be demonstrated that the electrostatic field
attracts everything like gravity does. You can perform an experiment where you
put a metal nickle on its edge and you can see that the charged plastic comb
attracts this as well. The math required to show that a neutral atom has a
residual positive charge is beyond my abilities, but the rongnerud web site
attempts to do the math to show that there is a force between neutrally charged
atoms which is the result of the magnetic and electrostatic forces created by
electrons moving about the protons. From a more intuitive viewpoint, you can
see that the electrons can move around, but the protons have to stay put. This
has to cause some kind of imbalance. The only way that a proton and electron
could fully cancel each other out is if they both took the same space and
didn’t move relative to one another. Since the electrons are free to move
about, they can get some distance away from the proton which would leave it
positively charged at times. So the electron cannot fully shield the protons
even though the electrical charge is zero. The net effect is that neutrally
charged matter emits a positive electrostatic field which attracts everything. On earth, this can help explain why we get lightning. The
overall positive charge of the earth causes the charges in the clouds to
separate such that the negative charges migrate to the bottom of the cloud and
the positive charges migrate toward the top. When it rains, the negative
charges tend to rain out and collect on the ground. This is similar to Kelvin
rainstorm electrostatic generators where a positive charge near the water
dropper causes negatively charged drops to go into a bucket where negative
charges build up. http://www.amasci.com/emotor/kelvin.html.
However, the earth really isn’t positively charged, it only has the positive
electrostatic field. The ground is still essentially neutrally charged. But the
real negative charge falling in the rain builds up on the ground until the
point where there is a large enough potential difference to cause the electrons
to rush back up to the cloud to neutralize the charge separation. It is a
scientific fact that an electrostatic field exists on the earth. Scientits have
scientifically measured the electrostatic field at the Earth's surface at around
120 V/m. This is a fairly strong field since this means that a 120 volts of
electrical potential exist for every meter in height. The voltage difference
from the bottom of your feet to the top of your head is already several hundred
volts!
One could try to devise an experiment to show charge
separation on a smaller scale. If you took a tall cylinder and filled it water
and ions which can easily separate like those in table salt. The theory
predicts that if you place the cylinder vertically, you will see the negative
CL ions be attracted to the bottom and the positive Na ions to the top. You
might even be able to measure a voltage potential difference. If you place the
cylinder horizontally, you will see no such potential difference. If true, this
suggests a way to generate electricity by allowing gravity to separate charges
and then extracting the charge by allowing current to flow and then once again
allow gravity to re-establish the charge. Since electrons appear totally
unaffected by gravity, it takes no energy to restore the charges. This is like
generating electricity with a dam where the water flows back up to the top for
free. The constant charge separation may also help to explain the
Earth’s magnetic field. Since there is constant charge separation, there are
effectively lots of charged particles being moved about the atmosphere, these
charged particles act like an electric current. It can be observed in any
satellite weather photos that the atmosphere generally moves from west to east
and if you consider this a movement of charges in the clouds as current, it
would generate the magnetic fields that we observe. The speed of the atmosphere
may not seem like much, but electrons flowing through a strong electromagnet
move at the speed of molasses, so a cloud moving at 60-80 mph may indeed
generate a strong magnetic force. This theory makes the very specific
prediction that the strength of the magnetic field relies on the atmosphere. So
no atmosphere means little magnetism and lots of moving atmosphere means big
magnetic field. I believe this holds true in the solar system. The moon and
mercury has little atmosphere and little magnetic field. Mars also has much
less atmosphere and magnetic field. Saturn and Jupiter have much atmosphere and
rotation and huge magnetic fields. Venus has lots of atmosphere, but very
little rotation. A chart of atmospheric pressure rotation and magnetic fields
at: http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/plantblb.htm.
It may be possible to explain reversals of magnetic field if the atmosphere
started moving from east to west. I see no particular reason why it should go
one way or the other except that perhaps the ground drags the atmosphere along
in a west to east direction. Science currently thinks that the effects of
atmospheric magnatisim are small and that the main field comes from the molten
core, however, there is no explanation on how the magnetic field got into the
core in the first place and what keeps it going. Perhaps the atomospheric
magnetic force acts as a catalyst to start the main core field and to maintain
its force and direction. Magnetism is the most difficult force to describe. To
understand it, you must understand the structure of space. It is commonly
thought that empty space is totally empty. However, this theory postulates that
empty space is in fact completely filled with matched positive and negative
charges. This could be thought of as space being completely filled with
electrons and protons which are paired to form dipoles which point in a
particular direction.. They arrange themselves in an extremely compact cubic
structure similar to the structure of salt. This is the medium through which
electromagnetic waves (light, radio, etc.) pass through. This theory would
predict that light is strictly a wave phenomenon. It is commonly thought that
light can be both a wave and a particle. I think the evidence for light being a
photon particle is very scarce based on experiments knocking electrons off of
surfaces. I think all the observed phenomenon can be achieved through a
sufficiently energetic wave. The particles that we call matter is actually just
a disordering of this cubic matrix by the presence of an extra electron or
proton. Wherever we detect an electron, it is because there is an extra
electron which is not canceled out by a matching positive charge. This extra
electron disturbs the normally ordered matrix. Primarily, it causes the dipoles
of the matrix to align perpendicular to the extra electron. The positive ends
of the dipole will be attracted to the extra electron. Other dipoles attempting
to restore the normal cubic structure align themselves in parallel around the
electron. This causes an alignment such that all of the positive ends of they
dipole are pointing in parallel to the surface of the electron.
A picture of how the dipoles line up around an electron, creating +/- dipole running tangent to electron
The
arrangement apparently only happens when the electron is in motion. When the
motion stops, the surrounding space regains is normal random arrangement. When
the electron moves in a loop, it causes all of the positive charges of the matrix
to point in one direction and all of the negative charges to point in the
other. This forms the basis of a simple magnet. If we bring another loop such
that the positive ends are facing each other, they will repel. If we switch it
around so that positive and negative face each other, they attract. Similarly,
if negative ends are facing each other, they repel. Thus the magnetic force is
merely the action of the electrostatic force between the dipoles which permeate
space. Ferromagnetic material like iron may be magnetic due to some kind of special
arrangement of the atom which creates a racetrack channel around the atom for an electron. This
allows the electron to loop and generate magnetic fields. There is no friction
at this level, so it is essentially a room temperature superconductor. The
alloys of ferromagnetic elements are more magnetic then pure elements since it
may create more irregularities which increase the size of the racetracks or
allow the atoms to more easily move about to align with a magnetic field. It
may be possible to generate a mechanical model of the atom which shows why
there are so few elements which have this ferromagnetic racetrack
configuration. One obvious objection to this is that if the magnetic force
is the same as the electrostatic force, they how come a magnet doesn’t
attract/repel a charged object. If one end of a magnet is positive, it should
attract a negatively charged piece of paper. Of course, this doesn’t happen.
The answer is that the magnet is not positively charged itself. It is merely causing
an alignment of the surrounding space. The dipole is weak, so it doesn’t add up
to much overall positive electrostatic force (although there should be some).
The arrangement of dipoles is still close to being electrically neutral. So no
noticeable force is exerted on the paper. The only time a force is exerted is
if the arrangement of space meets another arrangement which is opposite or
identical. When the dipoles meet up against each other, you do see a large
force because the dipoles are being brought within very close proximity to each
other. The interaction is not between the atoms of the metal that make up the
magnet, but rather, the space between them. This may account for the strength
of the magnetic force since it is the sum of all the very tightly packed dipole
particles outside of the magnet. If you put a magnetic field near a beam of
electrons (like in a TV), you can see it being strongly attracted or repelled
by the arrangement of the dipoles. The theory that all space is filled with charged dipoles can
explain how antimatter works. If you can imagine shaking the matrix hard
enough, you could knock one of the charges lose. When this happens, it
generates a hole in the matrix. The hole generates a charge which is opposite
of the charge knocked out. However, this charge is actually created by the
surrounding charges. The hole is antimatter. When an electron meets up with an
anti-electron, it falls into the hole restoring the matrix and effectively
annihilating the traceable matter/antimatter. One result of this is that you
would never be able to create large atoms of antimatter because an
anti-electron and anti-proton are both the same thing – which is they are holes
of nothingness. Their properties are determined by the surrounding matrix. A hole
cannot attract more holes without them getting filled in by the surrounding
matrix. The antimatter may in fact just get swallowed up as being part of
spaces between dipoles which may explain why we don’t see antimatter lasting
for long. Since antimatter can’t stick to itself, we don’t see big clumps of it
in the universe. If we did, we could probably observe that it is impervious to
electromagnetic waves since they would have nothing to travel through. Perhaps
the universe is surrounded by true nothingness and any antimatter generated
migrates to the outer edge where it joins the rest of the nothingness. The
universe would be happy to squeeze out as much empty space (antimatter) as
possible. This would neatly explain, why we don’t see much antimatter in the
universe. The only thing we haven’t explained is why charges exists
and why should an electron attract a proton. Everything so far has
been explained in terms of a positive/negative electrostatic field. But the
nature of the electrostatic field remains a mystery. I have seen one possible
answer. This is called Bjerknes forces. It has been experimentally shown that
if you take two pulsating spheres in a incompressible fluid like water and you
have them pulse in sync, they repel with a force 1/r^2 which is analagous to
the electrostatic force of repulsion. If you have them pulse so that they are
180 degress out of sync (pulsing in opposite directions, but at the same frequency)
they attract like the electrostatic force of attraction. This force has been
shown both experimentally and mathematically so it is a real physical force. This
is a link to a paper called Fields of Force which explores this force.
http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=02780002&view=50&frames=0&seq=11
I would propose that an electron and a proton are just like the spheres which are
pulsing out of sync. If every electron pulsed in exactly the same way, and every
proton pulsed in exactly the same way but out of sync, and we assume that the
spaces between electrons and protons are filled with something, we can see
how the fundamental attraction works. I cannot explain how all the electrons/protons
remain syncronized, but I can explain something about why they should pulse. If
we think of a proton as a hollow metal sphere, if we were to hit this with a stick,
it would ring like a bell with a very specific frequency or tone. No matter how
many times or how randomly you strike it, it would have the same frequency and at some
point wouldn't get any louder if you put more energy into striking it. Protons/electrons
may also act like this when they are struck by other nearby atoms by normal thermal
energy. They take random thermal energy and convert it into a very organized wave
energy frequency. We perceive this energy as the electrostatic field. This would
answer the question about where the energy comes from that keeps a charged
balloon stuck to a wall. No matter how you think about it, it takes energy
to fend off the force of gravity trying to make the balloon drop. The answer is the
thermal energy of the room surrounding the balloon provides the energy. The energy
level at normal room temperatures is actually quite high. It is equivalent to an
atom moving at about 1000 mile per hour. This theory would predict that weird things
would happen as you lower the temperature to absolute zero. At this point, the
electrons/protons wouldn't be hit enough to keep ringing. You might see a loss of
electrostatic field. This is an area of further research. Strange things have been
reported to happen with a Bose Eientein condensate which is basically a gas cooled to
absolute zero. In conclusion, we can see intuitively how each of the forces
that we see are actually all the same electrostatic force acting in different
ways. This theory (except for the magnetic description) is mostly a
conglomeration of ideas found on the internet. I have been pondering for months
the nature of these forces and came up with a theory which was simple and could
be understood intuitively without a lot of math. It makes a lot of testable
predictions which help explain a lot of unknown behavior like lightning. It is
not very detailed – I don’t have time to do the math. Maybe one of you geniuses
out there can confirm the math. It also flies in the face of lots of other
scientific evidence and conventional thinking.
It is like the broad stroke a brush which may still have a way to go,
but I invite people to have a look and poke holes at it.
**********HOLD THE PRESSES ****************
I have just released a major revision to the theory by making it a Theory of Everything that
explains many physical phenomenon including gravity, magnetisim and the electrostatic force. See it at:
http://franklinhu.com/theory.html
What holds atoms together?
What causes gravity?
What causes lightning?
Can we generate electricity with gravity alone?
What causes Earth's magnetic field?
What causes magnetism?
What is antimatter?
What is the electrostatic field?
